{ "destination": "croatia", "name": "Croatia", "hazard": "bora-jugo", "has_page": true, "question": "When do the bora and jugo blow in Croatia?", "answer": "Croatia's two strong winds, the bora (north-easterly, gusty) and the jugo (southerly), \"are more frequent and stronger in the cold part of the year\", according to Croatia's national meteorological service (DHMZ); in summer the usual pattern is a daytime sea breeze and a north-westerly in the open sea. At our Split point, days reaching force 6 (22 kn or more) average 3.7 in November and 0.2 in July (our calculation from NASA POWER, 2016–2025), so a July or August charter rarely meets them, though DHMZ warns the summer bura can still disrupt sea traffic.", "answer_markdown": "Croatia's two strong winds, the bora (north-easterly, gusty) and the jugo (southerly), \"are more frequent and stronger in the cold part of the year\", according to Croatia's national meteorological service (DHMZ); in summer the usual pattern is a daytime sea breeze and a north-westerly in the open sea. At our Split point, days reaching force 6 (22 kn or more) average 3.7 in November and 0.2 in July (our calculation from NASA POWER, 2016–2025), so a July or August charter rarely meets them, though DHMZ warns the summer bura can still disrupt sea traffic.", "checked": "2026-10-29", "canonical_url": "https://catamaranindex.com/weather-risk/croatia/", "api_url": "https://catamaranindex.com/api/weather-risk/croatia.json", "best_time_url": "https://catamaranindex.com/best-time/croatia/", "book_url": "https://catamaranindex.com/go/samboat?dest=croatia&pos=api", "calendar": [ { "month": 1, "name": "January", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 2, "name": "February", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 3, "name": "March", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 4, "name": "April", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 5, "name": "May", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 6, "name": "June", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 7, "name": "July", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 8, "name": "August", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 9, "name": "September", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 10, "name": "October", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 11, "name": "November", "codes": [], "notes": [] }, { "month": 12, "name": "December", "codes": [], "notes": [] } ], "storms": null, "wind": [ { "point": "croatia", "place": "Split", "lat": 43.508, "lon": 16.44, "elev_m": 212.42, "years": 10, "months": [ { "month": 1, "name": "January", "force5_days": 7.4, "force6_days": 2.3, "force6_days_total": 23, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 4, 10, 1, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.6086956521739131, "force6_share_south_east": 0.21739130434782608, "force6_share_northerly": 0.17391304347826086, "mean_wind_kn": 9, "rain_mm": 90 }, { "month": 2, "name": "February", "force5_days": 7.9, "force6_days": 3.4, "force6_days_total": 34, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 5, 11, 3, 10, 2, 1, 0, 2 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.47058823529411764, "force6_share_south_east": 0.38235294117647056, "force6_share_northerly": 0.20588235294117646, "mean_wind_kn": 8.9, "rain_mm": 69 }, { "month": 3, "name": "March", "force5_days": 8.1, "force6_days": 2.1, "force6_days_total": 21, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 4, 5, 3, 7, 2, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.42857142857142855, "force6_share_south_east": 0.47619047619047616, "force6_share_northerly": 0.19047619047619047, "mean_wind_kn": 8.7, "rain_mm": 80 }, { "month": 4, "name": "April", "force5_days": 4.4, "force6_days": 1.9, "force6_days_total": 19, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 3, 2, 7, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.2631578947368421, "force6_share_south_east": 0.7368421052631579, "force6_share_northerly": 0.15789473684210525, "mean_wind_kn": 7.8, "rain_mm": 53 }, { "month": 5, "name": "May", "force5_days": 2.5, "force6_days": 0.5, "force6_days_total": 5, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.2, "force6_share_south_east": 0.8, "force6_share_northerly": 0.2, "mean_wind_kn": 7, "rain_mm": 67 }, { "month": 6, "name": "June", "force5_days": 0.6, "force6_days": 0.2, "force6_days_total": 2, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0, "force6_share_south_east": 1, "force6_share_northerly": 0, "mean_wind_kn": 6.1, "rain_mm": 35 }, { "month": 7, "name": "July", "force5_days": 1.1, "force6_days": 0.2, "force6_days_total": 2, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 1, "force6_share_south_east": 0, "force6_share_northerly": 0.5, "mean_wind_kn": 6.4, "rain_mm": 31 }, { "month": 8, "name": "August", "force5_days": 1.4, "force6_days": 0, "force6_days_total": 0, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": null, "force6_share_south_east": null, "force6_share_northerly": null, "mean_wind_kn": 6.4, "rain_mm": 52 }, { "month": 9, "name": "September", "force5_days": 1.4, "force6_days": 0.6, "force6_days_total": 6, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.16666666666666666, "force6_share_south_east": 0.5, "force6_share_northerly": 0, "mean_wind_kn": 6.9, "rain_mm": 97 }, { "month": 10, "name": "October", "force5_days": 5, "force6_days": 1.5, "force6_days_total": 15, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 1, 3, 0, 8, 1, 0, 0, 2 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.26666666666666666, "force6_share_south_east": 0.5333333333333333, "force6_share_northerly": 0.2, "mean_wind_kn": 7.4, "rain_mm": 76 }, { "month": 11, "name": "November", "force5_days": 7.7, "force6_days": 3.7, "force6_days_total": 37, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 2, 11, 4, 14, 3, 3, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.35135135135135137, "force6_share_south_east": 0.4864864864864865, "force6_share_northerly": 0.05405405405405406, "mean_wind_kn": 9, "rain_mm": 167 }, { "month": 12, "name": "December", "force5_days": 7.2, "force6_days": 2.9, "force6_days_total": 29, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 5, 3, 3, 11, 6, 1, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.27586206896551724, "force6_share_south_east": 0.4827586206896552, "force6_share_northerly": 0.1724137931034483, "mean_wind_kn": 8.4, "rain_mm": 130 } ] }, { "point": "croatia-dubrovnik", "place": "Dubrovnik", "lat": 42.65, "lon": 18.09, "elev_m": 143.82, "years": 10, "months": [ { "month": 1, "name": "January", "force5_days": 8.4, "force6_days": 3.7, "force6_days_total": 37, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 6, 12, 4, 4, 9, 2, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.4864864864864865, "force6_share_south_east": 0.21621621621621623, "force6_share_northerly": 0.16216216216216217, "mean_wind_kn": 9.5, "rain_mm": 137 }, { "month": 2, "name": "February", "force5_days": 8.2, "force6_days": 3.9, "force6_days_total": 39, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 7, 10, 3, 12, 3, 0, 1, 3 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.4358974358974359, "force6_share_south_east": 0.38461538461538464, "force6_share_northerly": 0.2564102564102564, "mean_wind_kn": 9.4, "rain_mm": 122 }, { "month": 3, "name": "March", "force5_days": 9.2, "force6_days": 3.2, "force6_days_total": 32, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 8, 4, 6, 13, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.375, "force6_share_south_east": 0.59375, "force6_share_northerly": 0.25, "mean_wind_kn": 9.3, "rain_mm": 128 }, { "month": 4, "name": "April", "force5_days": 4.1, "force6_days": 0.9, "force6_days_total": 9, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 1, 4, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.5555555555555556, "force6_share_south_east": 0.4444444444444444, "force6_share_northerly": 0.1111111111111111, "mean_wind_kn": 7.9, "rain_mm": 73 }, { "month": 5, "name": "May", "force5_days": 2.1, "force6_days": 0.2, "force6_days_total": 2, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0, "force6_share_south_east": 1, "force6_share_northerly": 0, "mean_wind_kn": 7.1, "rain_mm": 93 }, { "month": 6, "name": "June", "force5_days": 1.1, "force6_days": 0.4, "force6_days_total": 4, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.25, "force6_share_south_east": 0.5, "force6_share_northerly": 0.25, "mean_wind_kn": 6.1, "rain_mm": 47 }, { "month": 7, "name": "July", "force5_days": 1.7, "force6_days": 0.3, "force6_days_total": 3, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 1, "force6_share_south_east": 0, "force6_share_northerly": 0.6666666666666666, "mean_wind_kn": 6.6, "rain_mm": 32 }, { "month": 8, "name": "August", "force5_days": 1.3, "force6_days": 0, "force6_days_total": 0, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": null, "force6_share_south_east": null, "force6_share_northerly": null, "mean_wind_kn": 6.7, "rain_mm": 46 }, { "month": 9, "name": "September", "force5_days": 2.6, "force6_days": 0.5, "force6_days_total": 5, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 0, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.6, "force6_share_south_east": 0.2, "force6_share_northerly": 0, "mean_wind_kn": 7.3, "rain_mm": 112 }, { "month": 10, "name": "October", "force5_days": 4.3, "force6_days": 1.6, "force6_days_total": 16, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 2, 2, 2, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.25, "force6_share_south_east": 0.75, "force6_share_northerly": 0.125, "mean_wind_kn": 7.6, "rain_mm": 116 }, { "month": 11, "name": "November", "force5_days": 8.9, "force6_days": 4.1, "force6_days_total": 41, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 3, 4, 5, 15, 8, 3, 1, 2 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.17073170731707318, "force6_share_south_east": 0.4878048780487805, "force6_share_northerly": 0.12195121951219512, "mean_wind_kn": 9.3, "rain_mm": 208 }, { "month": 12, "name": "December", "force5_days": 7.9, "force6_days": 4.4, "force6_days_total": 44, "force6_direction_counts_45deg_from_0": [ 7, 6, 4, 15, 10, 0, 0, 2 ], "force6_share_north_east": 0.29545454545454547, "force6_share_south_east": 0.4318181818181818, "force6_share_northerly": 0.20454545454545456, "mean_wind_kn": 9.1, "rain_mm": 168 } ] } ], "season": [ { "text": "Croatia's strong winds, bura and jugo, \"are more frequent and stronger in the cold part of the year, although the intensity of the summer bura can also create problems in road and maritime traffic.\" DHMZ names no months (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] }, { "text": "Bura \"blows from the north-eastern quadrant and is known for its gustiness, high speed and duration.\" The average wind speed during bura \"is several tens of kilometres per hour, but the speed of individual wind gusts is much higher\" (DHMZ).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] }, { "text": "Jugo \"is a steady and strong wind which blows evenly with a speed similar to the bura average speed, being the highest in the conveniently positioned channels between the islands and the coastland.\" It occurs \"in the air flow from the southern quadrant\" (DHMZ).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] }, { "text": "On the Middle and Southern Adriatic, where the well-known bura locations include Kliška vrata, Vrulje, the Makarska Littoral and Rijeka Dubrovačka, \"bura is usually less intense and less frequent than on the Northern Adriatic\"; \"Jugo is more intense and frequent on the Middle and Southern Adriatic than on the Northern Adriatic.\" Our reading: Split and Dubrovnik are in the Middle and Southern Adriatic (DHMZ).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] } ], "context": [ { "text": "In summer, DHMZ describes north-western winds (etesians) in the open sea: \"a gentle wind in the Northern Adriatic, moderate wind in the Middle Adriatic, and, occasionally, strong wind closer to the Strait of Otranto\", and a regular daily wind from sea to land on the coast, with wind blowing from land towards the sea at night (DHMZ).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] }, { "text": "The highest bura speed DHMZ reports is 69 m/s (248 km/h) at the Maslenica Bridge station on 21 December 1998. Maslenica is on the northern Adriatic, not on our routes (DHMZ).", "status": "official", "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" } ] } ], "method": { "storms": "Storm passes: from NOAA's HURDAT2 best-track file (hurdat2-1851-2025-092326.txt) we take every tropical storm or hurricane (HURDAT2 status TS or HU) whose track starts in 1991–2020, NHC's 30-year climate period. We interpolate the track in a straight line every 60 minutes between fixes (not across gaps over 12 hours) and count a storm once, in the month it first came within 100 nm of our reference point. The 100 nm radius, the interpolation and the month rule are our choices. \"Storm-years\" are the years out of 30 with at least one pass in that month. Our calculation.", "wind": "Strong-wind days: from NASA POWER's daily WS10M_MAX (the highest hourly mean 10 m wind of the day in one grid cell), converted to knots (1 m/s = 3600/1852 kn), we count the days per month at or above 17 kn (Beaufort force 5, fresh breeze) and 22 kn (force 6, strong breeze), the lower limits on the Met Office scale, as a mean per month over 2016–2025. Direction shares use the day's mean wind direction (WD10M) in 45° bins. Our calculation.", "rain": "Rain: NASA POWER's monthly corrected precipitation (PRECTOTCORR, mm/day) times the days in each month, averaged over 2016–2025, whole millimetres. Our calculation, not a rain-gauge normal.", "calendar": "Calendar: a month is marked if any part of it falls in the source's window (our mapping). \"Mid-July\", \"the cold part of the year\" and similar are the source's words." }, "caveats": [ "Storm passes are historical frequencies for 1991–2020 within 100 nm of one reference point (our choice of radius); they are not a forecast, and a pass within 100 nm does not mean storm-force winds at the anchorage.", "Strong-wind days use NASA POWER's highest hourly mean wind of the day in a ½° × ⅝° grid cell (about 50 km across); real gusts and local winds (funnelling between islands, the bora at the foot of the mountains) are stronger than the cell shows.", "Some grid cells include land (elevation from NASA POWER: 212 m at Split, 144 m at Dubrovnik), so their winds are lower than at sea.", "Wind direction is the cell's daily mean direction; north-easterly days are our proxy for the bora and northerly days for the meltemi, not observed events.", "Rainfall is NASA POWER's corrected precipitation for the cell, not a rain-gauge normal from the national weather service.", "Official dates (\"mid-July\", \"the cold part of the year\") are quoted; our month mapping in the calendar is ours." ], "derived": "Storm passes, shares, strong-wind days, direction shares and rainfall are our calculation from NOAA HURDAT2 and NASA POWER.", "insurance_note": "Booking in a risk season? Read your charter contract's weather and hurricane clauses: what happens if a named storm or a port closure stops you sailing, and whether you get a refund, a credit or new dates. Some booking platforms and charter companies sell cancellation options or a \"weather guarantee\", and some travel insurance covers trip cancellation or cutting a trip short because of weather; check what triggers the cover. We have no insurance partner and do not recommend a product.", "not_verified": [ "Months of the bora and jugo season from DHMZ (it says \"the cold part of the year\" and gives no months)." ], "status_legend": { "official": "Read in an official text: government, park authority, ministry or official tourism board.", "secondary": "From a newspaper, NGO, guide or tour operator; not official.", "not_verified": "We could not confirm it. We leave it open rather than guess." }, "sources": [ { "id": "wr_hr_dhmz_climate", "name": "DHMZ (Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service)", "title": "Climate of Croatia: general characteristics", "url": "https://meteo.hr/klima_e.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "No page date. Gives no months for bura or jugo, only \"the cold part of the year\".", "tier": "official" }, { "id": "wr_nasa_power_daily", "name": "NASA POWER", "title": "Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources: Daily API (WS10M_MAX, WD10M) and Monthly API (PRECTOTCORR)", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/services/api/temporal/daily/", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "Pulled with scripts/fetch-weather-daily.mjs for 2016–2025 at our 10 reference points and 2 route points. WS10M_MAX is the highest hourly mean of the day in a ½° × ⅝° grid cell, not a gust. Strong-wind day counts and rainfall means are our calculation.", "tier": "official" }, { "id": "su_metoffice_beaufort", "name": "Met Office", "title": "Beaufort wind force scale", "url": "https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/guides/coast-and-sea/beaufort-scale", "checked": "2026-10-29", "note": "UK national weather service. No page date. Force 2 (light breeze) 4–6 kn; force 4 (moderate breeze) 11–16 kn. We use 6 and 16 kn as the anchors of our wind score. Force 5 (fresh breeze) 17–21 kn; force 6 (strong breeze) 22–27 kn. We use 17 and 22 kn as the thresholds of our strong-wind day counts.", "tier": "official" }, { "id": "nasa_power_monthly", "name": "NASA POWER", "title": "Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources: Monthly API (T2M, WS10M)", "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/services/api/temporal/monthly/", "checked": "2026-10-28", "note": "Monthly point data for 2016–2025 pulled on 28 Oct 2026 with scripts/fetch-weather.mjs (API v2.10.0, community RE, parameters T2M = temperature at 2 m in °C and WS10M = wind speed at 10 m in m/s; meteorological grid ½° × ⅝° per https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/methodology/). One request per reference point, in the form https://power.larc.nasa.gov/api/temporal/monthly/point?parameters=T2M,WS10M&community=RE&longitude=&latitude=&start=2016&end=2025&format=JSON (coordinates in src/data/weather.ts). Route points for the Dubrovnik and Cyclades itineraries are in src/data/weather-routes.ts (scripts/fetch-route-weather.mjs, pulled 29 Oct 2026). Credit: https://power.larc.nasa.gov/docs/referencing/ . The pages we opened did not state a licence; NASA data is described to us as free for any use. Palma (Mallorca) reference point for the Mallorca vs Ibiza comparison in src/data/weather-routes.ts (scripts/fetch-route-weather.mjs, pulled 29 Oct 2026)." } ], "attribution": "Cite \"Catamaran Index\" with a link to the canonical_url of the page the figure comes from, and name the original source listed with it.", "affiliate_note": "book_url links go through /go/samboat, an affiliate link: Catamaran Index may earn a commission on bookings, at no extra cost to the traveller. It never changes the data." }